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在现代软件开发中，MySQL是最流行的关系型数据库之一，而Docker和 Docker Compose则是容器化技术的代表工具。将两者结合，可以快速、便捷地搭建一个隔离的MySQL数据库环境，非常适合开发、测试和学习。本文将详细介绍如何使用 Docker和Docker Compose安装和运行 MySQL。

1 Docker和 Docker Compose安装MySQL的原因

2 安装Docker和Docker Compose

2.1 Docker安装

请参考：Docker入门指南：1分钟搞定安装 + 常用命令，轻松入门容器化！-CSDN博客

2.2 Docker Compose安装

请参考：【docker compose入门指南】安装与常用命令参数全解析，助你入门compose！-CSDN博客

 3 拉取MySQL镜像

[root@node3 ~]# docker pull mysql:5.7.43
5.7.43: Pulling from library/mysql
9ad776bc3934: Downloading  5.933MB
9ad776bc3934: Downloading  12.93MB
9ad776bc3934: Downloading   20.5MB
9ad776bc3934: Downloading  33.98MB
9ad776bc3934: Downloading  43.19MB
9ad776bc3934: Pull complete 
9e4eda42c982: Pull complete 
df6d882cf587: Pull complete 
6c804e92b324: Pull complete 
fd54ada0c48d: Pull complete 
4ed8fb20ac8d: Pull complete 
eec2b1bc5454: Pull complete 
41c3423057b7: Pull complete 
122b2c7b16c0: Extracting  45.68MB
122b2c7b16c0: Pull complete 
0d30e03d70e3: Pull complete 
71c43898e898: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:4f9bfb0f7dd97739ceedb546b381534bb11e9b4abf013d6ad9ae6473fed66099
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7.43
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7.43
[root@node3 ~]# 

4 Docker Compose安装MySQL

4.1 创建目录以及自定义文件

[root@node3 mysql]# mkdir -p /project/mysql/config
[root@node3 mysql]# mkdir -p /project/mysql/data
[root@node3 mysql]# touch /project/mysql/config/my.cnf
[root@node3 mysql]# touch /project/mysql/docker-compose.yml
[root@node3 mysql]# tree /project/mysql
/project/mysql
├── config
│   └── my.cnf
├── data
└── docker-compose.yml2 directories, 2 files
[root@node3 mysql]# 说明：
config/my.cnf：自定义MySQL配置文件
data/：用于持久化MySQL数据目录

4.2 配置自定义MySQL文件

vim /project/mysql/config/my.cnf 
# 编辑MySQL自定义配置文件，并添加如下简单内容[mysqld]
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_unicode_ci
max_connections = 1000
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1G[client]
default-character-set = utf8mb4

4.3 配置docker-compose.yml文件

vim /project/mysql/docker-compose.yml
# 编辑docker-compose.yml并添加如下内容version: '2.33'
services:mysql:image: mysql:5.7.43container_name: mysql5.7.43environment:MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: lahmy1c@MYSQL_DATABASE: mydbMYSQL_USER: mydbuserMYSQL_PASSWORD: lahmy1c@ports:- "13306:3306"volumes:- ./data:/var/lib/mysql- ./config/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/my.cnfrestart: always

 参数说明：

• image：使用的MySQL镜像（5.7.43）
• container_name：容器名称
• environment：设置MySQL的环境变量，包括root密码、数据库名称、用户和密码
• ports：将主机的13306端口映射到容器的3306端口
• volumes：

1）./data:/var/lib/mysql：将MySQL数据目录挂载到主机上的data目录，以实现数据持久化

2）./config/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/my.cnf：将自定义配置文件挂载到容器中

• restart：设置容器总是重启（即使主机重启）

4.4 启动MySQL容器

[root@node3 mysql]# docker-compose up -d
WARN[0000] /project/mysql/docker-compose.yml: the attribute `version` is obsolete, it will be ignored, please remove it to avoid potential confusion 
[+] Running 2/2✔ Network mysql_default  Created                                                                                                                                           1.4s ✔ Container mysql5.7.43  Started                                                                                                                                           1.9s 
[root@node3 mysql]# 参数说明：
-d：表示后台运行容器

4.5 验证MySQL是否运行

[root@node3 mysql]# docker-compose ps
WARN[0000] /project/mysql/docker-compose.yml: the attribute `version` is obsolete, it will be ignored, please remove it to avoid potential confusion 
NAME          IMAGE          COMMAND                  SERVICE   CREATED              STATUS              PORTS
mysql5.7.43   mysql:5.7.43   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   mysql     About a minute ago   Up About a minute   33060/tcp, 0.0.0.0:13306->3306/tcp, [::]:13306->3306/tcp
[root@node3 mysql]# 

5 连接使用MySQL

5.1 安装MySQL客户端

yum install mysql -y

5.2 命令行连接MySQL

mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -P13306 -u root -p[root@node3 mysql]# mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -P13306 -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.43 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MySQL [(none)]> 
MySQL [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)MySQL [(none)]> 

5.3 容器内连接使用MySQL

docker exec -it mysql5.7.43 mysql -u root -p[root@node3 mysql]# docker exec -it mysql5.7.43 mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.43 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> 

5.4 验证自定义配置是否生效

# 执行如下命令简单验证和4.2章节自定义配置是否一致mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set_server';
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_connections';+----------------------+---------+
| Variable_name        | Value   |
+----------------------+---------+
| character_set_server | utf8mb4 |
+----------------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_connections';
+-----------------+-------+
| Variable_name   | Value |
+-----------------+-------+
| max_connections | 1000  |
+-----------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)mysql> 

6 常用操作

6.1 查看日志

docker-compose logs mysql

6.2 停止容器

docker-compose down

6.3 启动容器

docker-compose up -d

6.4 删除容器和数据卷

docker-compose down -v

7 总结

通过Docker和Docker Compose安装MySQL，并支持自定义配置文件（my.cnf），可以极大地简化数据库环境的搭建和管理。无论是测试还是学习，Docker Compose都能为你提供一个干净、隔离的环境，并支持个性化配置。希望能对你快速上手 Docker Compose和MySQL的结合使用有所帮助！