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PyTorch 提供了灵活的方式来构建自定义神经网络模型。下面我将详细介绍从基础到高级的自定义模型构建方法，包含实际代码示例和最佳实践。

一、基础模型构建

1. 继承 nn.Module 基类

所有自定义模型都应该继承 torch.nn.Module 类，并实现两个基本方法：

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as Fclass MyModel(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super().__init__()  # 必须调用父类初始化# 在这里定义网络层self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 20, 5)self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(20, 50, 5)self.fc1 = nn.Linear(4*4*50, 500)self.fc2 = nn.Linear(500, 10)def forward(self, x):# 定义前向传播逻辑x = F.relu(self.conv1(x))x = F.max_pool2d(x, 2, 2)x = F.relu(self.conv2(x))x = F.max_pool2d(x, 2, 2)x = x.view(-1, 4*4*50)x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))x = self.fc2(x)return F.log_softmax(x, dim=1)

2. 模型使用方式 

model = MyModel()
output = model(input_tensor)  # 自动调用forward方法
loss = criterion(output, target)
loss.backward()

二、中级构建技巧

1. 使用 nn.Sequential

nn.Sequential 是一种用于快速构建顺序神经网络的容器类，适用于模块按线性顺序排列的模型。

class MySequentialModel(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super().__init__()self.features = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=3, padding=1),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),nn.Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=3, padding=1),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))self.classifier = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(128 * 8 * 8, 512),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.Linear(512, 10))def forward(self, x):x = self.features(x)x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)x = self.classifier(x)return x

 2. 参数初始化

def initialize_weights(m):if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')if m.bias is not None:nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):nn.init.normal_(m.weight, 0, 0.01)nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)model.apply(initialize_weights)  # 递归应用初始化函数

三、高级构建模式

1. 残差连接 (ResNet风格)

class ResidualBlock(nn.Module):def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, stride=1):super().__init__()self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1, bias=False)self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3,stride=1, padding=1, bias=False)self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)self.shortcut = nn.Sequential()if stride != 1 or in_channels != out_channels:self.shortcut = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1,stride=stride, bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels))def forward(self, x):out = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))out = self.bn2(self.conv2(out))out += self.shortcut(x)return F.relu(out)

2. 自定义层 

class MyCustomLayer(nn.Module):def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim):super().__init__()self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(output_dim, input_dim))self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(output_dim))def forward(self, x):return F.linear(x, self.weight, self.bias)

 

四、模型保存与加载

1. 保存整个模型

torch.save(model, 'model.pth')  # 保存
model = torch.load('model.pth')  # 加载

2. 保存状态字典 (推荐)

torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'model_state.pth')  # 保存
model.load_state_dict(torch.load('model_state.pth'))  # 加载

五、模型部署准备

1. 模型导出为TorchScript

scripted_model = torch.jit.script(model)  # 或 torch.jit.trace
scripted_model.save('model_scripted.pt')

2. ONNX格式导出

dummy_input = torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224)
torch.onnx.export(model, dummy_input, "model.onnx", input_names=["input"], output_names=["output"])

六、完整示例：自定义CNN分类器

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as Fclass CustomCNN(nn.Module):"""自定义CNN图像分类器Args:num_classes (int): 输出类别数dropout_prob (float): dropout概率，默认0.5"""def __init__(self, num_classes=10, dropout_prob=0.5):super().__init__()self.features = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(3, 32, kernel_size=3, padding=1),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),nn.Conv2d(32, 64, kernel_size=3, padding=1),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),nn.Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=3, padding=1),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((6, 6))self.classifier = nn.Sequential(nn.Dropout(p=dropout_prob),nn.Linear(128 * 6 * 6, 512),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.Dropout(p=dropout_prob),nn.Linear(512, num_classes))# 初始化权重for m in self.modules():if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):nn.init.normal_(m.weight, 0, 0.01)nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:"""前向传播Args:x (torch.Tensor): 输入张量，形状为[B, C, H, W]Returns:torch.Tensor: 输出logits，形状为[B, num_classes]"""x = self.features(x)x = self.avgpool(x)x = torch.flatten(x, 1)x = self.classifier(x)return x

七、注意事项

1. ‌输入输出维度匹配‌

   • 需确保相邻模块的输入/输出维度兼容。例如，卷积层后接全连接层时需通过 Flatten 或自适应池化调整维度‌。

2. ‌调试与验证‌

   • 可通过模拟输入数据验证模型结构，如：

     input = torch.ones(64, 3, 32, 32)  # 模拟 batch_size=64 的输入
     output = model(input)
     print(output.shape)  # 检查输出形状是否符合预期